DEFEND
THE THREE
FREEDOMS
IN MYANMAR
Amnesty International September
Myanmar is part of the
Association of South East
Asian Nations (ASEAN).
The other nine members
of ASEAN are Brunei,
Cambodia, Indonesia,
Laos, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand and Vietnam.
Your action will demand
these nations support the
three freedoms in Myanmar.
Myanmar’s authorities have promised free
and fair elections. The majority of
governments, including Myanmar’s
neighbours in the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN), are calling for
and hoping this will be the case.
However, the reality is that the expression
of such hopes will do little to address the
restrictions on human rights already in
place. And calling for free and fair
elections will not address the widespread
human rights violations taking place.
In order to protect the human rights of
the people of Myanmar during and after
the elections, Amnesty International is
calling for:
• Myanmar’s authorities to guarantee
the three freedoms of expression,
association and peaceful assembly for all.
This includes being able to campaign
for a boycott of the elections, to report
openly on the elections, to print
campaign material without censorship,
to speak freely and without punishment
to the media, to join political parties and
to hold meetings and demonstrations.
• All political prisoners arrested for their
peaceful activism to be released
immediately and unconditionally.
• The repression of ethnic minority
activists to cease immediately.
• The international community, particularly
Myanmar’s neighbours and other
concerned governments, to publicly
call for the three freedoms to be
respected and to speak out forcefully
if individuals are harassed and
detained for their peaceful political
views and activities in the lead-up to
the elections and beyond.
We cannot let the repression continue
while Myanmar’s elections go ahead. With
your help, we can work towards a global
outcry that ensures the people of Myanmar
are protected in the lead-up to the 2010
elections and beyond.
DEFEND THE THREE FREEDOMS IN MYANMAR
Authorities in Myanmar (also known as Burma) will hold the country’s first elections in
20 years on 7 November 2010. But unless immediate action is taken, people’s ability to
speak out and organise themselves freely will continue to be severely restricted;
political prisoners will remain behind bars; and any opposition to the government on
the streets could be violently suppressed.
Following the last elections in 1990, the winning party, the National League for Democracy
(NLD), was stopped from taking power by the military. Many of their members, including
party leader Daw Aung Sang Suu Kyi and activists from ethnic minority groups, are still
imprisoned for their peaceful political activities.
For more than 20 years the authority’s human rights record has been terrible. The security
forces have used excessive and, at times, lethal force against peaceful protesters.
Torture by the army and police is common and the authorities suppress those who
stand up for human rights, often by sentencing them to long terms of imprisonment
after unfair trials. People are frequently sent to prisons far away from their families
and are held in very poor conditions. Many fall ill in prison. Some die.
There are more than 2,200 political prisoners in Myanmar today. This is double the number
of political prisoners since the start of the ‘Saffron Revolution’ of September 2007.
Authorities have not taken any steps to improve their poor human rights record –
instead the situation is deteriorating.
Amnesty International September 2010
The three freedoms of
expression, peaceful assembly
and association are severely
restricted in the lead-up
to Myanmar’s elections.
Above: A man votes in Myanmar’s controversial
2008 constitutional referendum at a polling
station in Hlaeuk Township near Yangon.
© AP Photo/Democratic Voice of Burma
Right: Boats with ‘NO’ (to the 2008 draft
Constitution) on its sail, floating down the
Bluchon River in Kayah State, Myanmar,
May 2008. This peaceful protest was part
of anti-constitutional referendum activities
by ethnic Karenni activists. © KNGY
NEW CONSTITUTION
In May 2008, Myanmar’s authorities held
a referendum on a new constitution
giving immunity to perpetrators of human
rights violations, including government
officials and the security forces. In the
lead-up to the poll, the authorities
introduced a new law prohibiting public
criticism of the referendum and its sociopolitical
organisation, the Union Solidarity
and Development Association, launched
a ‘vote yes’ campaign. The ‘vote no’
movement by peaceful anti-government
activists was severely restricted through
cash incentives, monopolisation and
manipulation of the media, harassment,
arrests and violent attacks on individuals.
More than 70 ‘vote no’ activists were
arrested in April 2008 and Amnesty
International is aware of at least 55
people who are still behind bars.
The government proceeded with the
referendum in the immediate aftermath
of Cyclone Nargis, which struck the
country on 2 and 3 May 2008, leaving
more than 140,000 people dead or
missing. The authorities later announced
that 98.1 per cent of eligible voters had
voted during the referendum and that
92.4 per cent of these were in favour of
the new constitution.
Amnesty International has learned that
soldiers marched cyclone survivors to the
polls and evicted people taking shelter in
schools and monasteries so they could be
used as polling stations. Some survivors
were warned that if they did not vote,
they would not be allowed to return to
their homes.
ELECTORAL LAWS
In March 2010, the government enacted
five electoral laws and four bylaws for the
forthcoming elections. These laws clearly
violate the rights to freedom of expression,
peaceful assembly and association:
• They arbitrarily exclude whole sections
of Myanmar’s society, including “persons
serving a prison term under a sentence
passed by any court” (Pyithu Hluttaw
Election Law, SPDC Law No. 3/2010,
chapter IV and Amyotha Hluttaw
Election Law, SPDC Law No. 4/2010,
chapter IV). This excludes more than
2,200 political prisoners.
• The Political Parties Registration Law
bars all political prisoners from membership
of a political party, including Daw
Aung San Suu Kyi and hundreds of
other imprisoned opposition members
(Political Parties Registration Law,
SPDC Law No. 2/2010, chapter II).
• The electoral laws limit who can run
in the elections and may be applied to
non-violent opposition groups. “Credible
contact” with an “unlawful association”
can lead to a person being categorised
as ineligible (Pyithu Hluttaw Election
Law, SPDC Law No. 3/2010, chapter V).
• The electoral laws also list a number
of offences and penalties, including a
vaguely-worded provision against
“exhorting” persons to vote or not in
the elections (Pyithu Hluttaw Election
Law, SPDC Law No. 3/2010, chapter
XIII and Amyotha Hluttaw Election
Law, SPDC Law No. 4/2010, chapter
XIII). This is in blatant violation of the
right to freedom of expression.
The authorities said that the laws are
necessary because “there may be acts
by subversives to disrupt elections” and
reminded citizens that a harsh 1996 Law
Protecting the Peaceful and Systematic
Transfer of State Responsibility is still in
force. The law provides for a five to 20
year prison sentence for anyone who
“incites, delivers speeches or makes oral
or written statements that undermine the
stability of the state, community peace
and tranquillity and prevalence of law and
order”. Any organisation that violates the
law can be suspended.
In June, the Union Election Commission
banned political parties from undertaking
campaigning activities that could
“harm security, the rule of law and
community peace”.
THE REPRESSION OF ETHNIC MINORITY POLITICAL ACTIVISTS
Khun Bedu, Khun Kawrio and Khun Dee De – political activists from the Karenni
ethnic group in Myanmar – were arrested in 2008 for their peaceful opposition to the
constitutional referendum. As leading members of an activist youth group called
Kayan New Generation Youth, they had organised a group of local dissidents to release
balloons, launch paper boats and paint walls with their peaceful political messages.
After 15 days of interrogation, during which they were repeatedly tortured, the three
men were sentenced by military officials without a trial, judge or lawyer. Khun Kawrio
and Khun Bedu were given 37 years and Khun Dee De 35 years in prison.
Activists from ethnic minority groups, like those in the country’s mainstream
political opposition, risk arrest, imprisonment and torture simply for attempting
to carry out their legitimate work.
For more information see Amnesty International’s report The repression of ethnic
minority activists in Myanmar, February 2010.
Amnesty International September 2010
SUPPRESSION OF PEACEFUL
POLITICAL DISSENT
The authorities have for many years justified
the imprisonment of thousands of people
on the basis that they were seeking to
cause unrest or that they posed threats to
or committed acts deemed to disrupt law
and order, peace and tranquillity. These
terms are found in a range of vaguelyworded
security laws that allow a very
broad interpretation of what constitutes a
threat to their rule, and allow authorities
to label peaceful political dissent as
criminal (see Amnesty International’s
submission to the UN Periodic Review of
Myanmar, January 2011).
The vast majority of the 2,200 political
prisoners in Myanmar are being punished
merely for exercising their rights to the
three freedoms.
Many of those in prison are leaders of
political parties or grassroots activists who,
unless they are released, will not be able to
participate in the elections. Prison conditions
in Myanmar are harsh – torture is common
and prisoners are denied sufficient food and
basic healthcare. Political prisoners are
frequently transferred to remote locations
far from their families and support networks.
There is a real fear that activists, especially
those from ethnic minorities and the NLD,
which is boycotting the elections, will come
under increased repression as the
elections approach.
And new censorship rules introduced in
June undermine any remaining scope for
independent journalism around the
elections process.
PAST CRACKDOWNS
History shows that public acts of dissent
have resulted in brutal crackdowns.
8/8/88
On 8 August 1988, students took to the
streets in the former capital Yangon
(also called Rangoon) to demand
democracy and human rights from their
government and an end to 26 years of
military rule. Over the next six weeks,
the demonstrations grew in number and
popular support and spread across the
country. Security forces moved in and
violently suppressed the uprising, killing
more than 3,000 people and causing the
enforced disappearance of an unknown
number of others.
Saffron Revolution
In September 2007, monks led tens of
thousands of people in peaceful
demonstrations across Myanmar known as
the Saffron Revolution. The government
eventually responded with lethal force,
firing bullets into crowds and beating
protesters. It is believed that more than
100 people were killed in the crackdown.
As security forces in Myanmar are almost
never held to account for human rights
violations, the use of excessive force in
policing demonstrations is a real concern.
Buddhist monks pray at a riot police road block
in downtown Yangon, Myanmar, 26 September
2007. © AP Photo/The Mandalay Gazette, HO
Widespread and systematic
human rights violations
persist in Myanmar. Unless
the international community
urgently pays attention and
demands essential human rights
protection in the lead-up to
the coming elections and
beyond, people will continue to
be denied the three freedoms
and yet another opportunity
for positive change will be lost.
ACT NOW
As Myanmar’s elections draw near, the international community,
particularly Myanmar’s neighbours, are under pressure to speak
out against the repression of dissent.
It is time for them to speak with one voice, telling Myanmar’s
authorities to uphold the three freedoms.
When Myanmar’s security forces violently put down peaceful
protests during the 2007 Saffron Revolution we pressed ASEAN
to act. They subsequently issued several strong statements,
expressing “revulsion” at the crackdown. However, ASEAN has
yet to speak out strongly on the upcoming elections.
Over the past few months, the foreign ministers of Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have gone on the record,
stressing the need for credible elections to be held. But more
targeted pressure needs to come from ASEAN as a whole in
order to address the human rights that are most at risk in the
lead-up to the elections and beyond.
This is a critical time to call on ASEAN to exercise its influence
and press Myanmar’s authorities to protect the three freedoms
of expression, peaceful assembly and association.
WRITE TO ASEAN
Urge ASEAN member states to uphold the binding principles of
the ASEAN charter of “respect for fundamental freedoms, the
promotion and protection of human rights, and social justice”,
by pressing Myanmar’s authorities to:
• Release immediately and unconditionally all prisoners
of conscience arrested solely on the basis of their peaceful
political activity, ethnicity, or religion.
• Ensure that all people in Myanmar can enjoy the three
freedoms of expression, peaceful assembly and association
throughout the elections and beyond.
Tell the ASEAN ministers to defend the three freedoms in Myanmar
at http://3freedoms.org.
Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 2.8 million people in more
than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights.
Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards.
We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion
– funded mainly by our membership and public donations.
Cover: Burmese monks protest outside
Myanmar’s embassy in Colombo, Sri Lanka,
against the Saffron Revolution crackdown,
September 2007. © AP Photo/Eranga
Jayawardena
Index: ASA 16/012/2010
September 2010
Amnesty International
ABN 64 002 806 233
Locked Bag 23
Broadway NSW 2007
1300 300 920
supporter@amnesty.org.au
www.amnesty.org.au
THE THREE
FREEDOMS
IN MYANMAR
Amnesty International September
Myanmar is part of the
Association of South East
Asian Nations (ASEAN).
The other nine members
of ASEAN are Brunei,
Cambodia, Indonesia,
Laos, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand and Vietnam.
Your action will demand
these nations support the
three freedoms in Myanmar.
Myanmar’s authorities have promised free
and fair elections. The majority of
governments, including Myanmar’s
neighbours in the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN), are calling for
and hoping this will be the case.
However, the reality is that the expression
of such hopes will do little to address the
restrictions on human rights already in
place. And calling for free and fair
elections will not address the widespread
human rights violations taking place.
In order to protect the human rights of
the people of Myanmar during and after
the elections, Amnesty International is
calling for:
• Myanmar’s authorities to guarantee
the three freedoms of expression,
association and peaceful assembly for all.
This includes being able to campaign
for a boycott of the elections, to report
openly on the elections, to print
campaign material without censorship,
to speak freely and without punishment
to the media, to join political parties and
to hold meetings and demonstrations.
• All political prisoners arrested for their
peaceful activism to be released
immediately and unconditionally.
• The repression of ethnic minority
activists to cease immediately.
• The international community, particularly
Myanmar’s neighbours and other
concerned governments, to publicly
call for the three freedoms to be
respected and to speak out forcefully
if individuals are harassed and
detained for their peaceful political
views and activities in the lead-up to
the elections and beyond.
We cannot let the repression continue
while Myanmar’s elections go ahead. With
your help, we can work towards a global
outcry that ensures the people of Myanmar
are protected in the lead-up to the 2010
elections and beyond.
DEFEND THE THREE FREEDOMS IN MYANMAR
Authorities in Myanmar (also known as Burma) will hold the country’s first elections in
20 years on 7 November 2010. But unless immediate action is taken, people’s ability to
speak out and organise themselves freely will continue to be severely restricted;
political prisoners will remain behind bars; and any opposition to the government on
the streets could be violently suppressed.
Following the last elections in 1990, the winning party, the National League for Democracy
(NLD), was stopped from taking power by the military. Many of their members, including
party leader Daw Aung Sang Suu Kyi and activists from ethnic minority groups, are still
imprisoned for their peaceful political activities.
For more than 20 years the authority’s human rights record has been terrible. The security
forces have used excessive and, at times, lethal force against peaceful protesters.
Torture by the army and police is common and the authorities suppress those who
stand up for human rights, often by sentencing them to long terms of imprisonment
after unfair trials. People are frequently sent to prisons far away from their families
and are held in very poor conditions. Many fall ill in prison. Some die.
There are more than 2,200 political prisoners in Myanmar today. This is double the number
of political prisoners since the start of the ‘Saffron Revolution’ of September 2007.
Authorities have not taken any steps to improve their poor human rights record –
instead the situation is deteriorating.
Amnesty International September 2010
The three freedoms of
expression, peaceful assembly
and association are severely
restricted in the lead-up
to Myanmar’s elections.
Above: A man votes in Myanmar’s controversial
2008 constitutional referendum at a polling
station in Hlaeuk Township near Yangon.
© AP Photo/Democratic Voice of Burma
Right: Boats with ‘NO’ (to the 2008 draft
Constitution) on its sail, floating down the
Bluchon River in Kayah State, Myanmar,
May 2008. This peaceful protest was part
of anti-constitutional referendum activities
by ethnic Karenni activists. © KNGY
NEW CONSTITUTION
In May 2008, Myanmar’s authorities held
a referendum on a new constitution
giving immunity to perpetrators of human
rights violations, including government
officials and the security forces. In the
lead-up to the poll, the authorities
introduced a new law prohibiting public
criticism of the referendum and its sociopolitical
organisation, the Union Solidarity
and Development Association, launched
a ‘vote yes’ campaign. The ‘vote no’
movement by peaceful anti-government
activists was severely restricted through
cash incentives, monopolisation and
manipulation of the media, harassment,
arrests and violent attacks on individuals.
More than 70 ‘vote no’ activists were
arrested in April 2008 and Amnesty
International is aware of at least 55
people who are still behind bars.
The government proceeded with the
referendum in the immediate aftermath
of Cyclone Nargis, which struck the
country on 2 and 3 May 2008, leaving
more than 140,000 people dead or
missing. The authorities later announced
that 98.1 per cent of eligible voters had
voted during the referendum and that
92.4 per cent of these were in favour of
the new constitution.
Amnesty International has learned that
soldiers marched cyclone survivors to the
polls and evicted people taking shelter in
schools and monasteries so they could be
used as polling stations. Some survivors
were warned that if they did not vote,
they would not be allowed to return to
their homes.
ELECTORAL LAWS
In March 2010, the government enacted
five electoral laws and four bylaws for the
forthcoming elections. These laws clearly
violate the rights to freedom of expression,
peaceful assembly and association:
• They arbitrarily exclude whole sections
of Myanmar’s society, including “persons
serving a prison term under a sentence
passed by any court” (Pyithu Hluttaw
Election Law, SPDC Law No. 3/2010,
chapter IV and Amyotha Hluttaw
Election Law, SPDC Law No. 4/2010,
chapter IV). This excludes more than
2,200 political prisoners.
• The Political Parties Registration Law
bars all political prisoners from membership
of a political party, including Daw
Aung San Suu Kyi and hundreds of
other imprisoned opposition members
(Political Parties Registration Law,
SPDC Law No. 2/2010, chapter II).
• The electoral laws limit who can run
in the elections and may be applied to
non-violent opposition groups. “Credible
contact” with an “unlawful association”
can lead to a person being categorised
as ineligible (Pyithu Hluttaw Election
Law, SPDC Law No. 3/2010, chapter V).
• The electoral laws also list a number
of offences and penalties, including a
vaguely-worded provision against
“exhorting” persons to vote or not in
the elections (Pyithu Hluttaw Election
Law, SPDC Law No. 3/2010, chapter
XIII and Amyotha Hluttaw Election
Law, SPDC Law No. 4/2010, chapter
XIII). This is in blatant violation of the
right to freedom of expression.
The authorities said that the laws are
necessary because “there may be acts
by subversives to disrupt elections” and
reminded citizens that a harsh 1996 Law
Protecting the Peaceful and Systematic
Transfer of State Responsibility is still in
force. The law provides for a five to 20
year prison sentence for anyone who
“incites, delivers speeches or makes oral
or written statements that undermine the
stability of the state, community peace
and tranquillity and prevalence of law and
order”. Any organisation that violates the
law can be suspended.
In June, the Union Election Commission
banned political parties from undertaking
campaigning activities that could
“harm security, the rule of law and
community peace”.
THE REPRESSION OF ETHNIC MINORITY POLITICAL ACTIVISTS
Khun Bedu, Khun Kawrio and Khun Dee De – political activists from the Karenni
ethnic group in Myanmar – were arrested in 2008 for their peaceful opposition to the
constitutional referendum. As leading members of an activist youth group called
Kayan New Generation Youth, they had organised a group of local dissidents to release
balloons, launch paper boats and paint walls with their peaceful political messages.
After 15 days of interrogation, during which they were repeatedly tortured, the three
men were sentenced by military officials without a trial, judge or lawyer. Khun Kawrio
and Khun Bedu were given 37 years and Khun Dee De 35 years in prison.
Activists from ethnic minority groups, like those in the country’s mainstream
political opposition, risk arrest, imprisonment and torture simply for attempting
to carry out their legitimate work.
For more information see Amnesty International’s report The repression of ethnic
minority activists in Myanmar, February 2010.
Amnesty International September 2010
SUPPRESSION OF PEACEFUL
POLITICAL DISSENT
The authorities have for many years justified
the imprisonment of thousands of people
on the basis that they were seeking to
cause unrest or that they posed threats to
or committed acts deemed to disrupt law
and order, peace and tranquillity. These
terms are found in a range of vaguelyworded
security laws that allow a very
broad interpretation of what constitutes a
threat to their rule, and allow authorities
to label peaceful political dissent as
criminal (see Amnesty International’s
submission to the UN Periodic Review of
Myanmar, January 2011).
The vast majority of the 2,200 political
prisoners in Myanmar are being punished
merely for exercising their rights to the
three freedoms.
Many of those in prison are leaders of
political parties or grassroots activists who,
unless they are released, will not be able to
participate in the elections. Prison conditions
in Myanmar are harsh – torture is common
and prisoners are denied sufficient food and
basic healthcare. Political prisoners are
frequently transferred to remote locations
far from their families and support networks.
There is a real fear that activists, especially
those from ethnic minorities and the NLD,
which is boycotting the elections, will come
under increased repression as the
elections approach.
And new censorship rules introduced in
June undermine any remaining scope for
independent journalism around the
elections process.
PAST CRACKDOWNS
History shows that public acts of dissent
have resulted in brutal crackdowns.
8/8/88
On 8 August 1988, students took to the
streets in the former capital Yangon
(also called Rangoon) to demand
democracy and human rights from their
government and an end to 26 years of
military rule. Over the next six weeks,
the demonstrations grew in number and
popular support and spread across the
country. Security forces moved in and
violently suppressed the uprising, killing
more than 3,000 people and causing the
enforced disappearance of an unknown
number of others.
Saffron Revolution
In September 2007, monks led tens of
thousands of people in peaceful
demonstrations across Myanmar known as
the Saffron Revolution. The government
eventually responded with lethal force,
firing bullets into crowds and beating
protesters. It is believed that more than
100 people were killed in the crackdown.
As security forces in Myanmar are almost
never held to account for human rights
violations, the use of excessive force in
policing demonstrations is a real concern.
Buddhist monks pray at a riot police road block
in downtown Yangon, Myanmar, 26 September
2007. © AP Photo/The Mandalay Gazette, HO
Widespread and systematic
human rights violations
persist in Myanmar. Unless
the international community
urgently pays attention and
demands essential human rights
protection in the lead-up to
the coming elections and
beyond, people will continue to
be denied the three freedoms
and yet another opportunity
for positive change will be lost.
ACT NOW
As Myanmar’s elections draw near, the international community,
particularly Myanmar’s neighbours, are under pressure to speak
out against the repression of dissent.
It is time for them to speak with one voice, telling Myanmar’s
authorities to uphold the three freedoms.
When Myanmar’s security forces violently put down peaceful
protests during the 2007 Saffron Revolution we pressed ASEAN
to act. They subsequently issued several strong statements,
expressing “revulsion” at the crackdown. However, ASEAN has
yet to speak out strongly on the upcoming elections.
Over the past few months, the foreign ministers of Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have gone on the record,
stressing the need for credible elections to be held. But more
targeted pressure needs to come from ASEAN as a whole in
order to address the human rights that are most at risk in the
lead-up to the elections and beyond.
This is a critical time to call on ASEAN to exercise its influence
and press Myanmar’s authorities to protect the three freedoms
of expression, peaceful assembly and association.
WRITE TO ASEAN
Urge ASEAN member states to uphold the binding principles of
the ASEAN charter of “respect for fundamental freedoms, the
promotion and protection of human rights, and social justice”,
by pressing Myanmar’s authorities to:
• Release immediately and unconditionally all prisoners
of conscience arrested solely on the basis of their peaceful
political activity, ethnicity, or religion.
• Ensure that all people in Myanmar can enjoy the three
freedoms of expression, peaceful assembly and association
throughout the elections and beyond.
Tell the ASEAN ministers to defend the three freedoms in Myanmar
at http://3freedoms.org.
Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 2.8 million people in more
than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights.
Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards.
We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion
– funded mainly by our membership and public donations.
Cover: Burmese monks protest outside
Myanmar’s embassy in Colombo, Sri Lanka,
against the Saffron Revolution crackdown,
September 2007. © AP Photo/Eranga
Jayawardena
Index: ASA 16/012/2010
September 2010
Amnesty International
ABN 64 002 806 233
Locked Bag 23
Broadway NSW 2007
1300 300 920
supporter@amnesty.org.au
www.amnesty.org.au
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